Nnodim loveth Nzubechukwu 
Pharmacy 
19/MHS11/085
CHM 102
Asignment
	1.	ClasificationofAlcohols
A.Clasificationbasedonthenumberofhydrogenatoms at tached to the carbon atom containing the O H group
i.
i i.
i.
If2or3hydrogenatomsareatachedtothe carbon atom bearing the O H group,itis cal led a primaryalcohol(1°).
If one hydrogen atom is at tached,itis cal led a secondaryalcohol(2°).
Ifnohydrogenatom isatachedtothecarbon atom,itisatertiaryalcohol(3°).
Examples.
MethanolCH3OH (1°) Propan2olCH3CH(OH)CH3(2°)
B.Clasificationbasedonthenumberofhydroxylgroupsthey pos ses s.M onohydric alcoholhave one O H group presentin thealcoholstructure.Dihydricalcoholsarecaledglycols, theyhave2hydroxylgrouppresentinthestructurewhile trihydricalcoholsortriolshave3OH groupspresentinthe structureofthealcohol.Polydricalcoholsorpolyolshave morethan3OH groups.
Examples Monohydricalcohol–PropanolCH3CH2CH2OH
Dihydricalcohol–Ethane1,2diolHOCH2-CH2OH

 2.GrignardsynthesisofAlkanols Grignardreagent–C2H5MgBr
CH3CH2CH2CH2-C=OCH2CH2CH3+ C2H5MgBr
C4H9C3H7C2H5–C–OMgBr— — — > C4H9C3H7C2H5– C–OH +Mg(OH)Br
3.IndustrialmanufacturerofEthanol
Carbohydratesuchasstarcharemajorgroupofnatural compoundsthatcanbemadetoyieldethanolbythebiological procesoffermentation.Thebiologicalcatalysts,enzymesfound inyeastbreakdownthecarbohydratemoleculesintoethanolto giveayieldof95%.Onwarmingstarchwithmaltto60°fora specificperio6oftimeareconvertedintomaltosebytheenzyme diastasecontainedinthemalt.
2(C6H10O5)n+nH2O. — — > n(C12H22O1) Carbohydrate 60°C/diastase. Maltose
Themaltoseisbrokendownintoglucoseonadditionofyeast whichcontainstheenzymemaltaseandatatemperatureof15°.
C 12 H 2 2 O 1 1 + H 2 O . — — – > 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 Maltose. 15°C/maltase. Glucose

 Theglucoseatconstanttemperatureof15°Cisthenconverted intoalcoholbytheenzymeZymasecontainedalsoinyeast
C6H12O6. — — — > 2CH3CH2OH +2CO2 Glucose. 15°C/Zymase Ethanol
4.Alkanone.Reductionofalkanonegivessecondaryalkanols CH3C2H5-C=O — — –> CH3C2H5CHOH (2°)alcohol
LiAlH4 Alkanals.Reductionofalkanalsgivesprimaryalkanols.
CH3CH2CH=O — — –> CH3CH2CH2OH LiAlH4/H2O