Name: Nwamemofuma Chidehe
College: MHS
Department: Dentistry
Matric number: 19/mhs09/015
Course: CHM 102
This is based on the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atom containing the hydroxyl

group. If the numbers of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group are

three or two, it is called a primary alcohol (1°). If it is one hydrogen atom, it is called secondary alcohol

(2°) and if no hydrogen atom is attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group, it is called a tertiary

alcohol (3°). An example is: CH3OH Methanol (1°)

• This is based on the number of hydroxyl groups they posses. Monohydric alcohols have one hydroxyl

group present in the alcohol structure. Dihydric alcohol are also called Glycols which have two

hydroxyl groups present in the alcohol structure while trihydric alcohols or triols have three hydroxyl

groups present in the structure of the alcohol. Polyhydric alcohols or polyols have more than three

hydroxyl groups. An example is CH3CH2CHOH propanol (Monohydric alcohol).

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CH3CH2CH2CH2C=OCH2CH2CH3 + CH2MgCH2

|

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2C + OMgCH2CH2CH2CH3

| H+&OH- CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2COH+Mg(OH)CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH2MgCH3 as Grignard reagent

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Production Of Ethanol

Carbohydrates such as starch are major group of natural compounds that can be made to yield ethanol by

the biological process of fermentation. The biological catalysts, enzymes found in yeast break down the

carbohydrate molecules into ethanol to give a yield of 95%. The starch containing materials include

molasses, potatoes, cereals, rice and on warming with malt to 60% for specific period of time are

converted into maltose by the enzyme diastase contained in th malt.

2(C6H10O5)n + nH2O - nC12H22O11

Carbohydrate Maltose

C12H22O11 + H2O - 2C6H12O6

Maltose Glucose

C6H12O6 - 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2

Glucose Ethanol

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Reduction of methanal (formaldehyde) gives methanol. Reduction of other aldehydes gives primary

alcohols. Reduction of ketones gives secondary alcohols. The acidic work-up converts an intermediate metal alkoxide salt into the desired alcohol via a simple acid base reaction