1.Criminal cases involve the commission of acts that are prohibited by law and are punishable by probation, fines, imprisonment—or even death. The attorney representing the state, county or municipal government that formally accuses a person of committing a crime is the prosecutor. The person charged with the crime is the defendant.  The judge not only ensures that the rights of defendant are respected, but also the Constitutional provision and the statutorily required rights afforded to victims of crime.
1. Arrest – A person is arrested by a law enforcement officer who either sees a crime happen or has a warrant for arrest when probable cause exists that a person committed a crime. When a person is arrested, the person must be brought before a judge for an initial appearance within 24 hours of being arrested or else          be released.

2. Initial Appearance – At the initial appearance, the judge determines the defendant’s name and address, informs the defendant of the charges and of the right to remain silent and to have an attorney. The judge appoints an attorney if the defendant cannot afford one and sets the conditions for release from jail.

3. Preliminary Hearing – If a preliminary hearing is held, the judge hears evidence and testimony from witnesses called by the prosecuting attorney and the defendant’s attorney. If the judge determines there is enough evidence to believe the defendant probably committed the crime, the defendant is held for trial in             
    superior court, and an arraignment date is set.

4. Arraignment – At the arraignment, the defendant enters a plea of guilty, not guilty, or no contest (nolo contendere). If the defendant enters a not guilty plea, the judge will set a trial date. If the defendant enters a guilty plea or declares no contest to the charges, the judge will set a date to sentence the defendant for the           crime.

5. Trial
     Opening Statements – The defendant has the right to a trial in which either a jury or the judge determines guilt. When the court is ready for the trial to begin, each side can make an opening statement. In a criminal case, the prosecuting attorney speaks first.

To begin, the prosecuting attorney gives an overview of the facts that will be presented. The defense attorney may present the same type of opening comment or may save the opening statement until later in the trial when that side of the case begins. Either attorney may decide not to give an opening statement.
Witnesses – The prosecuting attorney begins the case by calling witnesses and asking them questions. This is direct examination.

Witnesses in all trials take an oath or an affirmation that what they say in court is true. All trial evidence, including testimony and physical evidence, such as documents, weapons, or articles of clothing, must be acceptable as defined by the Arizona Rules of Evidence before it can be admitted into evidence and shown to the jury. The judge decides what evidence and testimony are admissible under the rules.

In a criminal trial, the prosecuting attorney presents evidence and witness testimony to try to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant committed the crime. The defendant’s attorney may present evidence and witnesses to show that the defendant did not commit the crime or to create a reasonable doubt as to the defendant’s guilt. The defendant is considered innocent of the crime charged until proven guilty.

When the prosecution has finished questioning a witness, the defense is allowed to cross-examine the witness on any relevant matter. After cross-examination, the attorney who first called the witness may ask the witness more questions to clarify something touched on in the cross-examination. This is redirect examination. The judge may allow an opportunity for the opposing attorney to re-cross examine.

When the prosecution has called all the witnesses for its side of the case and presented all of its evidence, it rests its case.

At this point, the defendant’s attorney may ask for a judgment of acquittal. This means that the attorney is asking the court to decide the case in the defendant’s favor because the prosecuting attorney did not present enough evidence to prove the case against the defendant. If the judge agrees that there is not enough evidence to rule against the defendant, the judge rules in favor of the defendant, and the case ends.

If a judgment of acquittal is not requested or if the request is denied, the defense may present evidence for its side of the case. The defense attorney often waits until this point in the trial to make an opening statement.

The defense may choose not to present evidence, as it is not required to do so. The defendant in a criminal case is not required to prove innocence. The burden is on the prosecution to prove the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.

If the defense does present a case and call witnesses, the same rules and procedures that governed presentation of evidence by the prosecution now apply to evidence presented by the defense including the opportunity for the prosecutor to cross-examine defense witnesses. 

At the end of the defendant’s case, the prosecutor may present additional information to respond to evidence offered by the defense. Following this, the defense is given another opportunity to present more evidence on the defendant’s behalf.

Closing Arguments – After the prosecution and the defense have presented all of their evidence, each side may make closing arguments. Closing arguments—similar to opening statements—provide an opportunity for the attorneys to address the judge or the jury a final time. The prosecutor speaks first, usually summarizing the evidence that has been presented and highlighting items most beneficial to the prosecution. The defendant’s attorney speaks next. The defense attorney usually summarizes the strongest points of the defendant’s case and points out flaws in the prosecutor’s case. The prosecutor then has one last opportunity to speak.

Instructing the Jury – After closing arguments in a jury trial, the judge reads instructions to the jurors, explaining the law that applies to the case. Jury members must follow these instructions in reaching a verdict. 

Jury Deliberations – The jury goes to a special jury room and elects a foreman to lead the discussion. Jurors must consider all of the evidence presented, review the facts of the case, and reach a verdict. When the jury makes its decision, the court is called back into session. 

Verdict – The foreman presents a written verdict to the judge, and either the judge or the court clerk reads the jury’s verdict to the court. The court then enters a judgment based on the verdict, and the jury is released from service. If found not guilty, the defendant is released immediately. If the defendant is found guilty, a date is set for sentencing.  The defendant may be held in custody or remain on release status until sentencing.

Sentencing – A sentencing hearing is scheduled to determine the punishment a convicted defendant will receive. The judge hears testimony from the prosecution and the defense regarding the punishment that each side feels the convicted defendant should receive. 

In Arizona, the Legislature has established a range of sentences for different crimes, and the judge must impose a sentence within the range outlined by law. The options may include probation, fines, imprisonment, or a combination of these punishments. In some cases, the death penalty can be imposed.  A jury rather than the judge is required to decide whether the defendant will receive the death penalty.
Appeals – A convicted defendant may appeal. If the death penalty has been imposed, an automatic appeal is filed with the Supreme Court. The Court of Appeals hears appeals in all other criminal cases.
Cases:state v bad man
Federal republic of Nigeria v bad man
Board of customs and exercise v badman 
Ndlea v badman
Federal inland revenue service v company Ltd

Remedy available to the accused after imposition of sentence are;
A. Correcting Clear Error; Within 14 days after sentencing, the court may correct a sentence that resulted from arithmetical, technical, or other clear error.
B. Reducing a Sentence for Substantial Assistance;
(1) Upon the government's motion made within one year of sentencing, the court may reduce a sentence if the defendant, after sentencing, provided substantial assistance in investigating or prosecuting another person.
(2.) Evaluating Substantial Assistance. In evaluating whether the defendant has provided substantial assistance, the court may consider the defendant's presentence assistance.
(3)Below Statutory Minimum. When acting under Rule 35(b), the court may reduce the sentence to a level below the minimum sentence established by statute.


Various methods by which civil proceedings may be commenced in high court;


Most civil cases involve disputes related to breach of contract, debt collection, monetary compensation for personal injuries, property damage, or family law issues such as divorce.

The party suing in a civil case is the plaintiff, and the party being sued is the defendant. 

Steps in a Civil Lawsuit:
     1.The plaintiff files a document (a complaint or a petition) with the clerk of the court stating the reasons why the plaintiff is suing the defendant and what action the plaintiff wants the court to take.
     2.The plaintiff must state whether the case is eligible for arbitration according to court rule.
     3.A copy of the complaint and a summons are delivered to (served on) the defendant.
     4.The defendant has a limited time (usually 20 days) to file a written answer admitting or denying the statements in the complaint.
     5.The plaintiff and the defendant exchange information about the case. This is called discovery.
     6.The case is tried before a jury or a judge. Civil trial procedure is similar to criminal procedure, with each side having the opportunity for opening and  closing statements, direct examination and cross examination of witnesses, and introduction of other evidence.
     7.The judge makes a decision or the jury gives its verdict, based on the testimony and other evidence presented during trial.
     8.The losing party may appeal the decision to the next higher level of the court.
  
Reference: Wikipedia,sagay nls workbook, legal professionals.