Name: potoki .E. Tami
Matric no: 19/sms01/021
Course: philosophy 

Review of chapter 8 in the history and philosophy of science 

         The positive response to science happened as a result of the change in the socio-cultural milieu of the time and it explains why belief in science or application of science to any issue is called positivism.socio-cultural milieu is also called renaissance.
   It is a renaissance period because it marks when people started a revolution of return to their Greek inheritance of using matters of public concern and not the dictate of religion as it was in the age prior of time.the was of the pope was the final authority in any matter be it social,political or intellectual . It was a time when men and women was burn astake because the church found them guilty of witchcraft. Diseases were like consequence of sin and idolatry, so the church waged several war to exterminate the heathens.
     Moreover community at the that time saw this as a big threats to human happiness and survival.they started infiltrating literature with the benefits of using lreasons to arrive at the justified conclusion just as Plato and Aristotle used to do. This also became known as the classical period of romanticism. The romanticism gave rise to humanism and naturalism and work of art and literature produced at this time were also regarded as classic.
        Discipline,moral, intellectual and political was associated in the minds of men of the renaissance with the scholastic philosophy and ecclesiastical government.scientific approach to the things grew out of philosophical approach to issues but science was restricted to study the natural phenomena because it only the material that was believed to behave in a regular and predictable way.not until a French social philosopher called august comte thought otherwise .He was of the reason that society behaves in a regular pattern much like material things and this behavior can be studied and somewhat accurate predictions .
        The beginning of social science especially sociology and comte is regarded as the father of sociology and social science in general.positivism is based on the fact of experience as a means of obtaining knowledge,modeled on empirical as a means of science which provides it with a metaphysical statement due to high degree of abstract nature.
    Their are problems with the conception of the ideal knowledge seeking enterprise.this is a problem with observation upon which the basic justification of positivism came is laden with error. They include facts that observation are value laden,interests laden, theory laden, concept laden and also the hypothesis laden.
     Social science is the area that studies dedication to the explanation of human behaviour,manifestation and interactions as an individual in the society.Discipline in the social science includes sociology,political science,archaeology and anthropology.
    The history of philosophy dates back to early philosophers who wanted to study how society works such as St Augustine and the 14th century historican ibn khaldun down to karl Marx. Thomas Hobbes John Locke, Emile Durkheim and a goat of other social thinker.moreover it was Augusta comte that is regarded as the father of social science.the social science seeks methods of science  in which investigations of social phenomena taking the human personas object of study.to understand problems with social sciences better we need to understand that one of the essential features of science and scientific explanations is to provide a causal connection between an event and its cause.However it has been observed even by economicsts themselves that these laws do not hold all the time since man does not have rationally all the time.In fact the recent time since man does not have rationally all the time since man does not behave rationally all the time.
In fact, in recent years capitalist have been able to manipulate consumers behavior to the point it is doubtful if these laws hold any longer. if a supposed scientific law is neither absolute nor hold quite often, should we continue to call it scientific laws of economics.The principles of laws of event states that for every event in the universe,there are set of conditions such that if the conditions are all fulfilled, then the event invariably occur.For example every event that happens in planet A in his universe there is also a cause B such that A can be explained by its reference to the activities of A.this is the principles that underlines the method of explanation in science.
         One should be temporarily related such that precedes the effect in time just as the effect must follow continuously from its cause and also having an asymmetrical relation in that the occurrence of the alleged cause must be actual event ,which brings about the affect such that the effect must not be part of the original conditions that are necessary and sufficient for its own occurrence,the two event must occur in approximately the same location or at least be related by the chain of events that are spartially linked.