ASSIGNMENT 1.Describe the importance of vasculature in relation to immune system and outbreak of pandemic Covid-19 on a human body ? Answer Our body contains barriers against diseases for instance -our skin,the mucous in our nostrils,the acids in our stomach- all of these are part of our innate immune system . Adaptive immunity develops over a life time of contact with the pathogens and vaccines ,preparations which helps our immune system to distinguish friend from foe. The immune system is the body’s harmful bacteria,viruses and other organisms. The corona virus pandemic has turned the whole world’s attention to the immune system ,the body defense force against disease causing bacteria ,viruses and organisms that we touch , ingest and inhale everyday. The immune system is the network of cells through out our body that work together to prevent or limit infections from potential harmful pathogens and prevent damage from non infectious agent like sunburn and cancer . Innate immune cells are the first line of defense. They identify microbes and other potential threats, triggering a response to get rid of them. Adaptive immune cells are involved in the second part of an immune response.”These are special cells that respond to ‘mop up ‘ the remainder of the organisms left after the innate immune response,” Here comes the interesting part: The adaptive immune system has what’s known as “immune memory,” meaning that when those cells see a pathogen that has previously entered the body, not only do they help get rid of the invader, they also make more copies of themselves to continue to build stronger defense in the future so the body is better prepared to fight off the pathogen if and when it reappears In the case of new viruses, such as the novel coronavirus, however no one has a heightened response to it, because no ones immune memory has encountered it . No one has been exposed and therefore no one has developed immunity,leaving more of us susceptible . 2.Subsartorial canal is an important area limb discuss ? Answer The Hunter's canal (subsartorial, adductor canal) is an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle third of the thighs extending , from the apex of the femoral triangle to the opening in the adductor magnums the adductor hiatus. *It is 15cm long and serves as a passageway for structures moving between the anterior thigh and posterior leg. *The Hunter's canal is bordered by muscular structures: • Anterior: Sartorious • Lateral: Vastus medialis • Posterior: Adductor longus and adductor maggus The apex of the adductor canal is marked by the adductor hiatus – a gap between the adductor and hamstring attachment of the adductor magnus. It is covered in by a strong aponeurosis, the anteromedial intermuscular septum (subsartorial fascia) which extends from the vastus medialis, across the femoral vessels to the adductor longus and adductor magnus. Lying on the aponeurosis is the sartorius (tailor's) muscle.[1] Content The canal contains the following: • Femoral artery, • Femoral vein, • Branches of the femoral nerve (specifically, the saphenous nerve, and the nerve to the vastus medialis). The adductor canal serves as a passageway for structures moving between the anterior thigh and posterior leg. It transmits the femoral artery, femoral vein (posterior to the artery), nerve to the vastus medialis and the saphenous nerve – the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve. 3.Describe the extraocular muscles and intraocular with their nerve supply ? Answer A) The extraocular muscles are the six muscles that control movement of the eye and one muscle that controls eyelid elevation (levator palpebrae). The actions of the six muscles responsible for eye movement depend on the position of the eye at the time of muscle contraction. Functionally, they can be divided into two groups: .Responsible for eye movement – Recti and oblique muscles. .Responsible for superior eyelid movement – Levator palpebrae superioris. In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the extraocular muscles – their attachments, innervation and actions. Levator Palpebrae Superioris The levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) is the only muscle involved in raising the superior eyelid. A small portion of this muscle contains a collection of smooth muscle fibres – known as the superior tarsal muscle. In contrast to the LPS, the superior tarsal muscle is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. • Attachments: Originates from the lesser wing of the sphenoid bones, immediately above the optic foramen. It attaches to the superior tarsal plate of the upper eyelid (a thick plate of connective tissue). • Actions: Elevates the upper eyelid. • Innervation: The levator palpebrae superioris is innervated by the oculomotor nerve.The superior tarsal muscle (located within the LPS) is innervated by the sympathetic nervous system. Recti Muscles There are four recti muscles; superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus and lateral rectus.  These muscles characteristically originate from the common tendinous ring. This is a ring of fibrous tissue, which surrounds the optic canal at the back of the orbit.From their origin, the muscles pass anteriorly to attach to the sclera of the eyeball. The name recti is derived from the latin for ‘straight’ – this represents the fact that the recti muscles have a direct path from origin to attachment. This is in contrast with the oblique eye muscles, which have an angular approach to the eyeball. Superior Rectus • Attachments: Originates from the superior part of the common tendinous ring, and attaches to the superior and anterior aspect of the sclera. • Actions: Main movement is elevation. Also contributes to adduction and medial rotation of the eyeball. • Innervation: Oculomotor nerve Inferior Rectus • Attachments: Originates from the inferior part of the common tendinous ring, and attaches to the inferior and anterior aspect of the sclera. • Actions: Main movement is depression. Also contributes to adduction and lateral rotation of the eyeball. • Innervation: Oculomotor nerve Medial Rectus • Attachments: Originates from the medial part of the common tendinous ring, and attaches to the anteromedial aspect of the sclera. • Actions: Adducts the eyeball. • Innervation: Oculomotor nerve Lateral Rectus • Attachments: Originates from the lateral part of the common tendinous ring, and attaches to the anterolateral aspect of the sclera. • Actions: Abducts the eyeball. • Innervation: Abducens nerve Oblique Muscles There are two oblique muscles – the superior and inferior obliques. Unlike the recti group of muscles, they do not originate from the common tendinous ring. From their origin, the oblique muscles take an angular approach to the eyeball (in contrast to the straight approach of the recti muscles). They attach to the posterior surface of the sclera. Superior Oblique • Attachments: Originates from the body of the sphenoid bone. Its tendon passes through a trochlear, and then attaches to the sclera of the eye, posterior to the superior rectus. • Actions: Depresses, abducts and medially rotates the eyeball. • Innervation: Trochlear nerve Inferior Oblique Attachments: Originates from the anterior aspect of the orbital floor. Attaches to the sclera of the eye, posterior to the lateral rectus • Actions: Elevates, abducts and laterally rotates the eyeball. • Innervation: Oculomotor nerve B) Intraocular muscles The intraocular muscles include the ciliary muscle, the sphincter pupillae, and the dilator pupillae. The ciliary muscle is a smooth muscle ring that controls accommodation by altering the shape of the lens, as well as controlling the flow of aqueous humor into Schlemm's canal. Muscle Origin Insertion Innervation Action Ciliary muscle Scleral spur Longitudinal part: anterior one-third of the choroid Radial part: connective tissue near the base of the ciliary process Parasympathetic component of the oculomotor nerve(CN III) or parasympathetic postganglionic myelinated nerve fibers from the ciliary ganglion Accommodation; regulation of trabecular meshwork pore size Sphincter muscle Pupillary margin of the iris Pupillary margin of the iris Parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor nerve (CN III) via short ciliary nerves Constriction of the pupil (miosis) Dilator muscle Outer margins of the iris Inner margins of the iris Postganglionic sympathetic nerves via long ciliary nerves Dilation of the pupil