Anatomy assignments 1.Describe the importance of vasculature in relation to immune system and outbreak of Panademic covid-19 on the human body Answer How the virus affected the immune system The virus attacks these cells and starts to kill them - so your lungs begin to fill with fluid making it hard for you to breathe. This phase of the disease is thought to last about a week.  At this point your immune system will start to kick in and fight off the invaders. You will develop a fever and your high body temperature will create a hostile environment for the virus. You will start to get rid of the mucus in the form of coughing and a runny nose.  But in some people - particularly the elderly and those with other health conditions - the immune system can go into overdrive. As well as killing the virus it also starts to kill healthy cells.  This heightened immune response can trigger a “cytokine storm” - white blood cells activate a variety of chemicals that can leak into the lungs, which along with the attack on the cells damages them even further. Scans of the lungs show “ground-glass” opacity and then “crazy paving” patterns, as they fill with mucus making it harder and harder to breathe.  Bacterial infections can also take hold at this point and your weakened immune system will struggle to fight them off.  How the virus affects the vasculature(cardiovascular system) First, people with preexisting heart disease are at a greater risk for severe cardiovascular and respiratory complications from COVID-19. Similarly, research has shown that infection with the influenza virus poses a more severe threat for people with heart disease than those without cardiac problems. Research also shows that heart attacks can actually be brought on by respiratory infections such as the flu.  Second, people with previously undiagnosed heart disease may be presenting with previously silent cardiac symptoms unmasked by the viral infection. In people with existing heart-vessel blockages, infection, fever, and inflammation can destabilize previously asymptomatic fatty plaques inside the heart vessels. Fever and inflammation also render the blood more prone to clotting, while also interfering with the body’s ability to dissolve clots — a one-two punch akin to throwing gasoline on smoldering embers. 2. Subsartorial canal is an important area in the lower limb, Discuss Answer: The Subsartorial canal (also known as the Adductor, Hunter’s canal) is an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle third of the thigh, extending from the apex of the femoral triangle to the opening of the adductor Magnus, the adductor hiatus. It is 15cm long and serves as a passageway for structures moving between the anterior thigh and posterior leg. It is bordered by muscular structures: • Anterior: Sartorius • Lateral: Vastus medialis • Posterior: Adductor longus and adductor Magnus The apex of the adductor canal is marked by the adductor hiatus- a gap between the adductor and hamstring attachments of the adductor Magnus. The Subsartorial canal contains the following: • Femoral artery • Femoral vein Branches of the femoral nerve (specifically, the saphenous nerve and the nerve to the Vastus medialis).   3. Describe the Extraocular and Intraocular muscles with their nerve supply Answer: Extraocular muscles: The extraocular muscles are the six muscles that control movement of the eye and one muscle that controls eyelid elevation (levator palpebrae). The actions of the six muscles responsible for eye movement depend on the position of the eye at the time of muscle contraction.      Four of the extraocular muscles have their origin in the back of the orbit in a fibrous ring called the Annulus of Zinn. The four rectus muscles attach directly to the front half of the eye (anterior to the eye's equator), and are named after their straight paths. Note that medial and lateral are relative terms. Medial indicates near the midline, and lateral describes a position away from the midline. Thus, the medial rectus is the muscle closest to the nose. The superior and inferior recti do not pull straight back on the eye, because both muscles also pull slightly medially. This posterior medial angle causes the eye to roll with contraction of either the superior rectus or inferior rectus muscles. The extent of rolling in the recti is less than the oblique, and opposite from it.                             The superior oblique muscle originates at the back of the orbit (a little closer to the medial rectus, though medial to it), getting rounder as it courses forward to a rigid, cartilaginous pulley, called the trochlea, on the upper, nasal wall of the orbit. The muscle becomes tendinous about 10mm before it passes through the pulley, turning sharply across the orbit, and inserts on the lateral, posterior part of the globe. Thus, the superior oblique travels posteriorly for the last part of its path, going over the top of the eye. Due to its unique path, the superior oblique, when activated, pulls the eye downward and laterally.             The last muscle is the inferior oblique, which originates at the lower front of the nasal orbital wall, and passes under the LR to insert on the lateral, posterior part of the globe. Thus, the inferior oblique pulls the eye upward and laterally.   Muscles Origin Insertion Innervation Action Superior rectus Annulus   of Zinn Anterior, superior surface of the eye Oculomotor nerve Moves the eye up and in Inferior rectus Annulus of Zinn Anterior, inferior surface of the eye Oculomotor nerve Moves the eye down and in Lateral rectus Annulus of Zinn Anterior, lateral surface of the eye Abducens nerve Abducts the eye Medial rectus Annulus of Zinn Anterior, medial surface of the eye Oculomotor nerve Adducts the eye Superior oblique Sphenoid bone via trochlea Posterior, superior, lateral surface of the eye Trochlear nerve Moves the eye down and out Inferior oblique Maxillary bone Posterior, inferior, lateral surface of the eye Oculomotor nerve Moves the eye up and out Levator palpebrae superiosis Sphenoid bone Tarsal plate of the upper eyelid Oculomotor nerve Elevates the upper lid         Intraocular muscles: There are three intraocular muscles and they change the shape of lens and size of the pupil. They are • Ciliary muscles • Sphincter muscles • Dilator muscles Muscles Origin Insertion Innervation Action Ciliary muscle Scleral spur Longitudinal part: anterior one-third of the choroid Radial part: connective tissue near the base of the ciliary process Parasympathetic  component of the oculomotor nerve(CN III) or parasympathetic postganglionic myelinated nerve fibers from the ciliary ganglion Accommodation; regulation of trabecular meshwork pore size Sphincter muscle Pupillary margin of the iris Pupillary margin of the iris Parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor nerve (CN III) via short ciliary nerves Constriction of the pupil (miosis) Dilator muscle Outer margins of the iris Inner margins of the iris Postganglionic sympathetic nerves via long ciliary nerves Dilation of the pupil